• Individual learning needs

    • 2019-09-26
    • Policy ToolBox

    Education systems have the obligation to provide quality education to all learners, while recognizing that students come from different backgrounds, have diverse characteristics and therefore have different learning styles and needs. Differences between children and their learning capabilities should not be seen as problems but as opportunities that can benefit and enrich the education of all children. Children’s individual learning needs can be supported by adopting inclusive education practices. See more…

  • Teacher behavior

    • Policy ToolBox

    Teacher behaviour is representative of both, the course content taught by them and the student outcomes. The student’s want of attending school can also be dependent on the way the class is conducted by the teachers. The positive behaviour imparted by the teacher is one of the first set of characteristics to look for in an effective teacher. Inappropriate teacher behaviour could include traits such as: display of controlling behaviour in class; lack of punctuality in terms of attendance and assignments; displays impartiality while working with students and parents; etc. See more…

  • School-related violence

    • Policy ToolBox

    School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) refers to ‘acts or threats of sexual, physical or psychological violence occurring in and around schools, perpetrated as a result of gender norms and stereotypes, and enforced by an unequal power dynamic’ (UNESCO, 2016c: 13). SRGBV can take many forms, including sexual violence, sexual harassment, verbal abuse, corporal punishment, coercion, bullying, and intimate partner violence. SRGBV will be experienced differently depending on an individual’s sex, gender identity, country and context (UNESCO, 2016c). Children and adults can both be victims and perpetrators of SRGBV, and thus both students and school faculty are affected. SRGBV refers to violence committed in and around schools, so can also include incidents traveling to and from school, as well as online. See more…

  • School climate

    • Policy ToolBox

    A positive school climate not only decreases student absenteeism and dropout rates, but it also has a significant incidence in primary students’ academic performance. School climate encompass all aspects related to how members of the school community perceive and experience the school. It helps reduce stereotypes, biases and discrimination inside the school, enhancing student’s learning experiences. School climate also refers to all of the institutional aspects, the interpersonal relationships established between school members, the teaching and learning practices, and safety inside the school. See more…

  • Constraints to attendance

    • Policy ToolBox

    There are a variety of factors that cause irregular attendance and difficulty in attending primary school, which can lead to children dropping out of school completely including: child labour, school distance, inappropriate school infrastructure, lack of school support, children being affected by HIV. See more…

  • Frequent repetition

    • Policy ToolBox

    High repetition rate is a mark of poor internal efficiency of the educational system and a poor level of instruction. In many countries, apart from not performing academically, many students repeat classes due to their inability to pay the school fees, resulting in frequent absences. This frequent absenteeism ends up leading to poor academic performance, which further leads to students repeating that grade. Furthermore, students from poor backgrounds tend to enter school late, which leads to them repeating grades. See more…

  • Availability of last grades

    • Policy ToolBox

    On occasions, primary students can find themselves in areas where the full educational cycle is not offered, preventing them to continue their studies locally. In these scenarios, a number of strategies exist in order to guarantee the availability of a complete primary cycle. Some, such as the construction of new schools can be medium- to long-term tactics, and can require a heavy financial investment. Some of these alternatives will be more appropriate as short term solutions, but are nevertheless preferable to students being left without a space to receive an education. It should still however always be ensured that schools meet regulatory standards, and that they are accessible, safe, hygienic, reasonably comfortable, and cognitively stimulating. See more…

  • Insufficient budget

    • 2019-09-25
    • Policy ToolBox

    Schools may be unavailable due to the lack of budget to cover new school construction costs. Strategies include those that address increasing the budget, improving planning and budgeting mechanisms, as well as alternatives to building new schools such as using existing infrastructure within the community. See more…

  • High construction costs

    • Policy ToolBox

    School construction unit costs are predominately determined by school design, construction materials, and contract procurement and management. While costs can vary greatly depending on factors such as location, exchange rate, and taxes, $100/m2 is considered to be an average of low classroom construction unit cost, achieved from utilizing the most cost-efficient methods. Cost efficiency does not equate to poor quality, and while unit costs can be decreased to a certain extent, if a sufficient amount of funds for school construction are not available then other strategies should be pursued. While they can be cost-efficient, schools still need to meet regulatory standards, be accessible, safe, child friendly, have sufficient water and sanitation facilities, and provide a positive learning environment. See more…

  • Logistic constraints in paying teachers

    • Policy ToolBox

    When teacher salary systems are not operating properly, teachers may be paid late, paid only partially or not paid at all. These issues result in poor teacher motivation and teacher attrition, and prevents recruitment of new qualified candidates, further constraining what may already be a short supply of available teachers. The main components of teacher salary systems include the payroll, EMIS/TMS, the banking system, the public financial management system, and the auditing system. See more…

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